Hi guys in this post we are going to talk about some more things that I should have talked about earlier: electron rings/orbitals, and valence electrons.
First let’s talk about electron rings/orbitals. So electron rings/orbitals are basically different rings around the nucleus that can hold a different amount of electrons. There are 7 different electron rings/orbitals because 2+8+8+18+18+32+32=118, and the heaviest element has 118 protons. The first ring holds 2 electrons. The second and third rings hold 8 electrons. The forth and fifth rings hold 18 electrons. The sixth and seventh rings hold 32 electrons.
In this drawing I drew an atom with all the electron rings/orbitals and each electron ring/orbital has every electron it needs to be stable.
Now let’s talk about valence electrons. So valence electrons are the electrons that do the reacting – usually because the outer electron ring/orbital does not have the full amount of electrons. They are the electrons that are in the outer electron ring/orbital. For example magnesium, beryllium, barium, and ETC have 2 valence electrons. Lithium, francium, cesium, and ETC have 1 valence electron.
In this drawing I drew an atom with all the electron rings/orbitals and each electron ring/orbital has every electron it needs to be stable. And I also in red highlighted the valence electrons.
I wrote this from memory from what I learned in Khan Academy.
Hi guys👋😊 in this post we are going to talk about some basic things that I should have talked about earlier.
First we are going to talk about multi bonds. So you can actually have single bonds double bonds and triple bonds! Each bond is a pair of electrons, one from each atom. The oxygen that we breathe is two oxygens double bonded to each other.
The more bonds you have the stronger the bond, and the closer the atoms get. And if you have a single bond it can rotate, but if you have two or three bonds it can’t rotate.
In this drawing I drew, molecular oxygen, A single bond, A double bond, and a triple bond.
Now let’s talk about ions. So there are two types of ions. A cation and an anion. Ions are charged particles, charged atoms, or charged molecules. a cation is a positive charged ion, and an anion is a negative charged ion. And you will get an anion if you have more electrons then protons. And you will get a cation if you have more protons then electrons. And usually when you have an anion one of the atom names will end in ide. For instance chloride. There are hydrogen ions, usually they are cations. And generally anions and cations will react.
In this drawing I drew a hydrogen cation and a chlorine anion.
I wrote this from memory from what I learned in Khan Academy.
I know this is also a short post but this is the end of this post so bye(: :D😃😊👋:D:).
Hi guys in this post we are going to talk about Meniscus’s and surface tension.
So first let’s talk about meniscus’s. There are two types of meniscus’s. 1 there is a concave meniscus. And 2 there is a convex meniscus.
In this drawing I drew a concave meniscus and a convex meniscus
So have you ever looked at a glass of water and thought that the surface of the water was flat? Actually it is “dented” downward. Because it is attracted to the glass more then it’s self. It is called a concave meniscus.
In this drawing I am showing you the surface of water is NOT flat and that it is actually “dented” downward.In this drawing I drew a tiny concave meniscus on a molecular basis. And the silicons bonded to the 4 oxygens each are glass molecules.
Mercury is one of the elements that does a convex meniscus because it is attracted to it’s self more then the glass.
In this drawing I drew Mercury doing a convex meniscus
A convex meniscus is the opposite of a concave meniscus.
Now let’s talk about surface tension.
So if we had a bunch of water molecules and we look at one of the middle water molecules it is being pulled in so many different ways. North or south or east or west and many more ways! Because some of the other water molecules are hydrogen bonding with that water molecule which is why it is being pulled in so many different ways.
In this drawing I drew a bunch of water molecules and I am focusing on one of the middle water molecules and I am showing hydrogen bonds pulling on that water molecule.
But if you look at one of the water molecules on the surface, half of it is being surrounded by water molecules and half of it is being surrounded by air. And because of that, only half of it is being pulled by hydrogen bonds from other water molecules. The other half, which is surrounded by air, does not have any force pulling on it because the molecules in the air don’t bond with the water molecules. And that let’s the water molecules on the surface get closer together. And that is surface tension.
In this drawing I drew a lot of water molecules and I am focusing on one of the surface water molecules and I am showing half of it is being pulled by hydrogen bonds. And I’m also showing you that the surface molecules are able to get closer together.
And because of that there are some animals that can walk on the surface of water!
In this drawing I drew a pond with a water snake and a spider on the surface of the water ( by the way I have seen a water snake before).
And if you get a tub of water and you fill it even higher then the rim, it will form a “bump” over the rim, because the water is attracted to it’s self more then the surrounding air.
In this drawing I drew a tub of water and I drew the “bump” of water over the rim.
I wrote this from memory from what I learned in khan Academy
Now it is time for us to say goodbye and you will see what I am going to talk about in the next post. By 😊👋
In this video I will tell you about bond water molecules and the real shape of the periodic table. I recorded this from memory from what I learned from Khan Academy.
Hi guys in this post we are going to talk about the four fundamental forces.
The first force is gravity. You might be surprised but it is the WEAKEST of the four forces 😱. FUN FACT: no matter what anything is it will always have gravity. You may not realize it. The smaller amount of mass you have the less gravity there will be.
In this drawing I drew two planets going together because of gravity.
The next force is the weak force also known as the weak interaction . What happens is let’s say we have a carbon 12 atom. It has 6 protons and neutrons in it’s nucleus. So what happens is one of it’s neutrons-essentially 3 of it’s quarks turning in to a proton turning the atom in to a nitrogen 12 atom. And it is going to emit electron and anti-electron neutrino. (I have no idea what a anti-electron neutrino is 😱).The weak force is 10 to the 25th TIMES the strength of gravity!! 😱
In this drawing I drew a helium 4 atom turning into a lithium 4 ion because of the weak force. The black dots are quarks. You need 3 quarks to make a neutron or a proton. And the arrows coming off from the neutron are just showing it turning into a a proton
The next force is the electromagnetic force. The electromagnetic force is why electrons don’t fly away from nucleuses. So there are two types of the electromagnetic force. So you know how sometimes when you have two magnets 🧲 and if you put them one way they will push away. And if you put them another way the stick together. Both of them are the electromagnetic force. Another two forces that are like the same force are the Coulomb force and the electrostatic force. This is what they do: if you have two things with the same charge they will also push away. And if you have two things that have the different charges they will stick together. And you might say why don’t the protons in a nucleus repell? The next force takes care of that. The electromagnetic force is 10 to the 36th TIMES the strength of gravity!!!! 😱
In this drawing I drew what the electromagnetic force, the electrostatic force and the Coulomb force do.
The next force is the strong force. The strong force is why the protons in a nucleus don’t fly away. Because if you get the protons close enough they will stick together. The strong force is 10 to the 38th TIMES the strength of gravity!!!!!!!! 😱
In this drawing I drew the strong force on a lithium 6 atom’s protons
I wrote this from memory from what I’ve learned in khan Academy
Hi guys we’re going to talk about what atoms are made up of.
Atoms are made up of: Protons Neutrons and Electrons. All of them have a charge except for Neutrons. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. And Neutrons don’t even have a charge. They are neutral.
I know you might be confused but I will explain. P stands for proton. E stands for electron. And N stands for neutron. The plus sign means positive charge. The minus sign means negative charge. And if there is no sign that means it has no charge.
FUN FACT: 1 Way to make a Neutron is to smash together a Proton and an Electron because positive and negative make neutral. And that is what happens to make a neutron Star . keep an eye out for more information about neutron stars in an upcoming post.
So what is happening in this drawing is. I drew a proton and electron are smashing together to make a neutron.
Together Protons Electrons and Neutrons make an atom. Not all atoms have a neutron. For example one type of hydrogen atom has just one proton and electron no neutrons. In an atom the protons and (sometimes) neutrons will be in the nucleus of the atom. And the electrons will be buzzing around the nucleus.And the nucleus is where the protons and neutrons will be.
In this drawing I drew one type hydrogen atom with it’s proton and electron.
And you might say: well why don’t the electrons just buzz away? Good question. The reason why is because of the electromagnetic force. In the next post I will talk about the four forces!
In this drawing I drew a hydrogen atom with it’s proton and electron But I also drew the electron not going away
I wrote this from memory from what I learned in khan Academy
Atom Weather 